C++ keywords

C++

Language

Headers

Freestanding and hosted implementations

Named requirements

Language support library

Concepts library (C++20)

Diagnostics library

Utilities library

Strings library

Containers library

Algorithms library

Iterators library

Numerics library

Input/output library

Localizations library

Regular expressions library (C++11)

Atomic operations library (C++11)

Thread support library (C++11)

Filesystem library (C++17)

Technical Specifications

C++ language

General topics
Preprocessor Comments	Keywords Escape sequences
Flow control
Conditional execution statements
if	switch
Iteration statements (loops)
for range-for (C++11)	while do-while
Jump statements
continue - break	goto - return
Functions
Function declaration
Lambda function declaration
inline specifier
Exception specifications (deprecated)
noexcept specifier (C++11)
Exceptions
throw-expression	try-catch block
Namespaces
Namespace declaration	Namespace aliases
Types
Fundamental types Enumeration types Function types	Compound types Union types
Specifiers
decltype (C++11) auto (C++11) alignas (C++11)	const/volatile constexpr (C++11)
Storage duration specifiers
Initialization
Default initialization Value initialization Zero initialization Copy initialization Direct initialization	Aggregate initialization List initialization (C++11) Constant initialization Reference initialization

Expressions
Value categories Order of evaluation	Operators Operator precedence
Alternative representations
Literals
Boolean - Integer - Floating-point
Character - String - nullptr (C++11)
User-defined (C++11)
Utilities
Attributes (C++11)
Types
typedef declaration
Type alias declaration (C++11)
Casts
Implicit conversions - Explicit conversions
static_cast - dynamic_cast
const_cast - reinterpret_cast
Memory allocation
new expression	delete expression
Classes
Class declaration Initializer lists this pointer	Access specifiers friend specifier
Class-specific function properties
Virtual function override specifier (C++11) final specifier (C++11)	explicit (C++11) static
Special member functions
Default constructor Copy constructor Move constructor (C++11)	Copy assignment Move assignment (C++11) Destructor
Templates
Class template Function template	Template specialization Parameter packs (C++11)
Miscellaneous
Inline assembly	History of C++

C++ keywords

alignas (C++11) alignof (C++11) and and_eq asm auto bitand bitor bool break case catch char char16_t (C++11) char32_t (C++11) class compl concept (C++20) const constexpr (C++11) const_cast continue decltype (C++11) default delete do double dynamic_cast else	enum explicit export extern false float for friend goto if inline int long mutable namespace new noexcept (C++11) not not_eq nullptr (C++11) operator or or_eq private protected public register reinterpret_cast	requires (C++20) return short signed sizeof static static_assert (C++11) static_cast struct switch template this thread_local (C++11) throw true try typedef typeid typename union unsigned using virtual void volatile wchar_t while xor xor_eq
Identifiers with special meaning (since C++11)
override
final

This is a list of reserved keywords in C++. Since they are used by the language, these keywords are not available for re-definition or overloading.

alignas (since C++11) alignof (since C++11) and and_eq asm atomic_cancel (TM TS) atomic_commit (TM TS) atomic_noexcept (TM TS) auto(1) bitand bitor bool break case catch char char16_t (since C++11) char32_t (since C++11) class(1) compl concept (since C++20) const constexpr (since C++11) const_cast continue co_await (coroutines TS) co_return (coroutines TS) co_yield (coroutines TS) decltype (since C++11) default(1) delete(1) do

double dynamic_cast else enum explicit export(1) extern(1) false float for friend goto if import (modules TS) inline(1) int long module (modules TS) mutable(1) namespace new noexcept (since C++11) not not_eq nullptr (since C++11) operator or or_eq private protected public reflexpr (reflection TS)

register(2) reinterpret_cast requires (since C++20) return short signed sizeof(1) static static_assert (since C++11) static_cast struct(1) switch synchronized (TM TS) template this thread_local (since C++11) throw true try typedef typeid typename union unsigned using(1) virtual void volatile wchar_t while xor xor_eq

• (1) - meaning changed or new meaning added in C++11. Note: the keyword export is also used by Modules TS.
• (2) - meaning changed in C++17.

Note that and, bitor, or, xor, compl, bitand, and_eq, or_eq, xor_eq, not, and not_eq (along with the digraphs <%, %>, <:, :>, %:, and %:%:) provide an alternative way to represent standard tokens.

In addition to keywords, there are identifiers with special meaning, which may be used as names of objects or functions, but have special meaning in certain contexts.

override (C++11) final (C++11) audit (C++20) axiom (C++20) transaction_safe (TM TS) transaction_safe_dynamic (TM TS)

Also, all identifiers that contain a double underscore __ in any position and each identifier that begins with an underscore followed by an uppercase letter is always reserved and all identifiers that begin with an underscore are reserved for use as names in the global namespace. See identifiers for more details.

The namespace std is used to place names of the standard C++ library. See Extending namespace std for the rules about adding names to it.

The name posix is reserved for a future top-level namespace. The behavior is undefined if a program declares or defines anything in that namespace.

(since C++11)

The following tokens are recognized by the preprocessor when in context of a preprocessor directive:

if elif else endif

ifdef ifndef define undef

include line error pragma

defined __has_include (since C++17) __has_cpp_attribute (since C++20)

The following tokens are recognized by the preprocessor outside the context of a preprocessor directive:

_Pragma(since C++11)