value initialization(since C++03)

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C++
C++ language
Initialization

This is the initialization performed when a variable is constructed with an empty initializer.

Syntax

T() (1)
new T () (2)
Class::Class(...) : member() { ... } (3)
T object {}; (4) (since C++11)
T{} (5) (since C++11)
new T {} (6) (since C++11)
Class::Class(...) : member{} { ... } (7) (since C++11)

Explanation

Value initialization is performed in these situations:

1,5) when a nameless temporary object is created with the initializer consisting of an empty pair of parentheses or braces (since C++11);
2,6) when an object with dynamic storage duration is created by a new-expression with the initializer consisting of an empty pair of parentheses or braces (since C++11);
3,7) when a non-static data member or a base class is initialized using a member initializer with an empty pair of parentheses or braces (since C++11);
4) when a named variable (automatic, static, or thread-local) is declared with the initializer consisting of a pair of braces.
(since C++11)

In all cases, if the empty pair of braces {} is used and T is an aggregate type, aggregate-initialization is performed instead of value-initialization.

If T is a class type that has no default constructor but has a constructor taking std::initializer_list, list-initialization is performed.


The effects of value initialization are:

1) if T is a class type with at least one user-provided constructor of any kind, the default constructor is called;
(until C++11)
1) if T is a class type with no default constructor or with a user-provided or deleted default constructor, the object is default-initialized;
(since C++11)
2) if T is a non-union class type without any user-provided constructors, every non-static data member and base-class component of T is value-initialized;
(until C++11)
2) if T is a class type with a default constructor that is neither user-provided nor deleted (that is, it may be a class with an implicitly-defined or defaulted default constructor), the object is zero-initialized and then it is default-initialized if it has a non-trivial default constructor;
(since C++11)
3) if T is an array type, each element of the array is value-initialized;
4) otherwise, the object is zero-initialized.

Notes

A constructor is user-provided if it is user-declared and not explicitly defaulted on its first declaration.

The syntax T object(); does not initialize an object; it declares a function that takes no arguments and returns T. The way to value-initialize a named variable before C++11 was T object = T();, which value-initializes a temporary and then copy-initializes the object: most compilers optimize out the copy in this case.

In C++98 prior to C++03 (which introduced value initialization), the expression new T() was classified as default initialization and specified zero-initialization.

References cannot be value-initialized.

As described in functional cast, the syntax T() (1) is prohibited for arrays, while T{} (5) is allowed.

All standard containers (std::vector, std::list, etc.) value-initialize their elements when constructed with a single size_type argument or when grown by a call to resize().

Since C++11, value-initializing a class without a user-provided constructor, which has a member of a class type with a user-provided constructor zeroes out the member before calling its constructor: 

struct A
{
    int i;
    A() { } // user-provided default ctor, does not initialize i
};

struct B { A a; }; // implicitly-defined default ctor

std::cout << B().a.i << '\n'; // value-initializes a B temporary
                              // leaves b.a.i uninitialized in C++03
                              // sets b.a.i to zero in C++11
// (note that B{}.a.i leaves b.a.i uninitialized in C++11, but for 
// a different reason: in post-DR1301 C++11, B{} is aggregate-initialization,
// which then value-initializes A, which has a user-provided ctor)

Example

Run this code
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>

struct T1
{
    int mem1;
    std::string mem2;
}; // implicit default constructor

struct T2
{
    int mem1;
    std::string mem2;
    T2(const T2&) { } // user-provided copy constructor
};                    // no default constructor

struct T3
{
    int mem1;
    std::string mem2;
    T3() { } // user-provided default constructor
};

std::string s{}; // class => default-initialization, the value is ""

int main()
{
    int n{};                // scalar => zero-initialization, the value is 0
    double f = double();    // scalar => zero-initialization, the value is 0.0
    int* a = new int[10](); // array => value-initialization of each element
                            //          the value of each element is 0
    T1 t1{};                // class with implicit default constructor =>
                            //     t1.mem1 is zero-initialized, the value is 0
                            //     t1.mem2 is default-initialized, the value is ""
//  T2 t2{};                // error: class with no default constructor
    T3 t3{};                // class with user-provided default constructor =>
                            //     t3.mem1 is default-initialized to indeterminate value
                            //     t3.mem2 is default-initialized, the value is ""
    std::vector<int> v(3);  // value-initialization of each element
                            // the value of each element is 0
    std::cout << s.size() << ' ' << n << ' ' << f << ' ' << a[9] << ' ' << v[2] << '\n';
    std::cout << t1.mem1 << ' ' << t3.mem1 << '\n';
    delete[] a;
}

Possible output: 

0 0 0 0 0
0 4199376

Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR Applied to Behavior as published Correct behavior
CWG 1301 C++11 defaulted default constructor skipped zero-init before construction zero-init performed

See also

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