Module java.base
Package java.net

Class URL

java.lang.Object
java.net.URL
All Implemented Interfaces:
Serializable
public final class URL extends Object implements Serializable
Class URL represents a Uniform Resource Locator, a pointer to a "resource" on the World Wide Web. A resource can be something as simple as a file or a directory, or it can be a reference to a more complicated object, such as a query to a database or to a search engine. More information on the types of URLs and their formats can be found at: Types of URL

In general, a URL can be broken into several parts. Consider the following example: 

     http://www.example.com/docs/resource1.html

The URL above indicates that the protocol to use is http (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and that the information resides on a host machine named www.example.com. The information on that host machine is named /docs/resource1.html. The exact meaning of this name on the host machine is both protocol dependent and host dependent. The information normally resides in a file, but it could be generated on the fly. This component of the URL is called the path component.

A URL can optionally specify a "port", which is the port number to which the TCP connection is made on the remote host machine. If the port is not specified, the default port for the protocol is used instead. For example, the default port for http is 80. An alternative port could be specified as: 

     http://www.example.com:1080/docs/resource1.html

The syntax of URL is defined by RFC 2396: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax, amended by RFC 2732: Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URLs. The Literal IPv6 address format also supports scope_ids. The syntax and usage of scope_ids is described here.

A URL may have appended to it a "fragment", also known as a "ref" or a "reference". The fragment is indicated by the sharp sign character "#" followed by more characters. For example, 

     http://www.example.com/index.html#chapter1

This fragment is not technically part of the URL. Rather, it indicates that after the specified resource is retrieved, the application is specifically interested in that part of the document that has the tag chapter1 attached to it. The meaning of a tag is resource specific.

An application can also specify a "relative URL", which contains only enough information to reach the resource relative to another URL. Relative URLs are frequently used within HTML pages. For example, if the contents of the URL: 

     http://www.example.com/index.html
contained within it the relative URL: 
     FAQ.html
it would be a shorthand for: 
     http://www.example.com/FAQ.html

The relative URL need not specify all the components of a URL. If the protocol, host name, or port number is missing, the value is inherited from the fully specified URL. The file component must be specified. The optional fragment is not inherited.

Constructing instances of URL

The java.net.URL constructors are deprecated. Developers are encouraged to use java.net.URI to parse or construct a URL. In cases where an instance of java.net.URL is needed to open a connection, URI can be used to construct or parse the URL string, possibly calling URI.parseServerAuthority() to validate that the authority component can be parsed as a server-based authority, and then calling URI.toURL() to create the URL instance.

The URL constructors are specified to throw MalformedURLException but the actual parsing/validation that is performed is implementation dependent. Some parsing/validation may be delayed until later, when the underlying stream handler's implementation is called. Being able to construct an instance of URL doesn't provide any guarantee about its conformance to the URL syntax specification.

The URL class does not itself encode or decode any URL components according to the escaping mechanism defined in RFC2396. It is the responsibility of the caller to encode any fields, which need to be escaped prior to calling URL, and also to decode any escaped fields, that are returned from URL. Furthermore, because URL has no knowledge of URL escaping, it does not recognise equivalence between the encoded or decoded form of the same URL. For example, the two URLs:

    http://foo.com/hello world/ and http://foo.com/hello%20world
would be considered not equal to each other.

Note, the URI class does perform escaping of its component fields in certain circumstances. The recommended way to manage the encoding and decoding of URLs is to use URI, and to convert between these two classes using toURI() and URI.toURL().

The URLEncoder and URLDecoder classes can also be used, but only for HTML form encoding, which is not the same as the encoding scheme defined in RFC2396.

API Note:
Applications working with file paths and file URIs should take great care to use the appropriate methods to convert between the two. The Path.of(URI) factory method and the File(URI) constructor can be used to create Path or File objects from a file URI. Path.toUri() and File.toURI() can be used to create a URI from a file path, which can be converted to URL using URI.toURL(). Applications should never try to construct or parse a URL from the direct string representation of a File or Path instance.

Before constructing a URL from a URI, and depending on the protocol involved, applications should consider validating whether the URI authority can be parsed as server-based.

Some components of a URL or URI, such as userinfo, may be abused to construct misleading URLs or URIs. Applications that deal with URLs or URIs should take into account the recommendations advised in RFC3986, Section 7, Security Considerations.

All URL constructors may throw MalformedURLException. In particular, if the underlying URLStreamHandler implementation rejects, or is known to reject, any of the parameters, MalformedURLException may be thrown. Typically, a constructor that calls the stream handler's parseURL method may throw MalformedURLException if the underlying stream handler implementation of that method throws IllegalArgumentException. However, which checks are performed, or not, by the stream handlers is implementation dependent, and callers should not rely on such checks for full URL validation.

Since:
1.0
See Also:

  • Constructor Details

    • URL

      @Deprecated(since="20") public URL(String protocol, String host, int port, String file) throws MalformedURLException
      Deprecated.
      Use URI.toURL() to construct an instance of URL. See the note on constructor deprecation for more details.
      Creates a URL object from the specified protocol, host, port number, and file.

      host can be expressed as a host name or a literal IP address. If IPv6 literal address is used, it should be enclosed in square brackets ('[' and ']'), as specified by RFC 2732; However, the literal IPv6 address format defined in RFC 2373: IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture is also accepted.

      Specifying a port number of -1 indicates that the URL should use the default port for the protocol.

      If this is the first URL object being created with the specified protocol, a stream protocol handler object, an instance of class URLStreamHandler, is created for that protocol:

      1. If the application has previously set up an instance of URLStreamHandlerFactory as the stream handler factory, then the createURLStreamHandler method of that instance is called with the protocol string as an argument to create the stream protocol handler.
      2. If no URLStreamHandlerFactory has yet been set up, or if the factory's createURLStreamHandler method returns null, then the ServiceLoader mechanism is used to locate URLStreamHandlerProvider implementations using the system class loader. The order that providers are located is implementation specific, and an implementation is free to cache the located providers. A ServiceConfigurationError, Error or RuntimeException thrown from the createURLStreamHandler, if encountered, will be propagated to the calling thread. The createURLStreamHandler method of each provider, if instantiated, is invoked, with the protocol string, until a provider returns non-null, or all providers have been exhausted.
      3. If the previous step fails to find a protocol handler, the constructor reads the value of the system property:
        java.protocol.handler.pkgs
        If the value of that system property is not null, it is interpreted as a list of packages separated by a vertical slash character '|'. The constructor tries to load the class named:
        <package>.<protocol>.Handler
        where <package> is replaced by the name of the package and <protocol> is replaced by the name of the protocol. If this class does not exist, or if the class exists but it is not a subclass of URLStreamHandler, then the next package in the list is tried.
      4. If the previous step fails to find a protocol handler, then the constructor tries to load a built-in protocol handler. If this class does not exist, or if the class exists but it is not a subclass of URLStreamHandler, then a MalformedURLException is thrown.

      Protocol handlers for the following protocols are guaranteed to exist on the search path:

      • http
      • https
      • file
      • jar
      Protocol handlers for additional protocols may also be available. Some protocol handlers, for example those used for loading platform classes or classes on the class path, may not be overridden. The details of such restrictions, and when those restrictions apply (during initialization of the runtime for example), are implementation specific and therefore not specified

      No validation of the inputs is performed by this constructor.

      Parameters:
      protocol - the name of the protocol to use.
      host - the name of the host.
      port - the port number on the host.
      file - the file on the host
      Throws:
      MalformedURLException - if an unknown protocol or the port is a negative number other than -1, or if the underlying stream handler implementation rejects, or is known to reject, the URL
      See Also:

    • URL

      @Deprecated(since="20") public URL(String protocol, String host, String file) throws MalformedURLException
      Deprecated.
      Use URI.toURL() to construct an instance of URL. See the note on constructor deprecation for more details.
      Creates a URL from the specified protocol name, host name, and file name. The default port for the specified protocol is used.

      This constructor is equivalent to the four-argument constructor with the only difference of using the default port for the specified protocol. No validation of the inputs is performed by this constructor.

      Parameters:
      protocol - the name of the protocol to use.
      host - the name of the host.
      file - the file on the host.
      Throws:
      MalformedURLException - if an unknown protocol is specified, or if the underlying stream handler implementation rejects, or is known to reject, the URL
      See Also:

    • URL

      @Deprecated(since="20") public URL(String protocol, String host, int port, String file, URLStreamHandler handler) throws MalformedURLException
      Deprecated.
      Use of(URI, URLStreamHandler) to construct an instance of URL associated with a custom protocol handler. See the note on constructor deprecation for more details.
      Creates a URL object from the specified protocol, host, port number, file, and handler. Specifying a port number of -1 indicates that the URL should use the default port for the protocol. Specifying a handler of null indicates that the URL should use a default stream handler for the protocol, as outlined for: URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String)

      If the handler is not null and there is a security manager, the security manager's checkPermission method is called with a NetPermission("specifyStreamHandler") permission. This may result in a SecurityException. No validation of the inputs is performed by this constructor.

      Parameters:
      protocol - the name of the protocol to use.
      host - the name of the host.
      port - the port number on the host.
      file - the file on the host
      handler - the stream handler for the URL.
      Throws:
      MalformedURLException - if an unknown protocol or the port is a negative number other than -1, or if the underlying stream handler implementation rejects, or is known to reject, the URL
      SecurityException - if a security manager exists and its checkPermission method doesn't allow specifying a stream handler explicitly.
      See Also:

    • URL

      @Deprecated(since="20") public URL(String spec) throws MalformedURLException
      Deprecated.
      Use URI.toURL() to construct an instance of URL. See the note on constructor deprecation for more details.
      Creates a URL object from the String representation.

      This constructor is equivalent to a call to the two-argument constructor with a null first argument.

      Parameters:
      spec - the String to parse as a URL.
      Throws:
      MalformedURLException - if no protocol is specified, or an unknown protocol is found, or spec is null, or the parsed URL fails to comply with the specific syntax of the associated protocol, or the underlying stream handler's parseURL method throws IllegalArgumentException
      See Also:

    • URL

      @Deprecated(since="20") public URL(URL context, String spec) throws MalformedURLException
      Deprecated.
      Use URI.toURL() to construct an instance of URL. See the note on constructor deprecation for more details.
      Creates a URL by parsing the given spec within a specified context. The new URL is created from the given context URL and the spec argument as described in RFC2396 "Uniform Resource Identifiers : Generic Syntax" : 
                <scheme>://<authority><path>?<query>#<fragment>
      The reference is parsed into the scheme, authority, path, query and fragment parts. If the path component is empty and the scheme, authority, and query components are undefined, then the new URL is a reference to the current document. Otherwise, the fragment and query parts present in the spec are used in the new URL.

      If the scheme component is defined in the given spec and does not match the scheme of the context, then the new URL is created as an absolute URL based on the spec alone. Otherwise the scheme component is inherited from the context URL.

      If the authority component is present in the spec then the spec is treated as absolute and the spec authority and path will replace the context authority and path. If the authority component is absent in the spec then the authority of the new URL will be inherited from the context.

      If the spec's path component begins with a slash character "/" then the path is treated as absolute and the spec path replaces the context path.

      Otherwise, the path is treated as a relative path and is appended to the context path, as described in RFC2396. Also, in this case, the path is canonicalized through the removal of directory changes made by occurrences of ".." and ".".

      For a more detailed description of URL parsing, refer to RFC2396.

      Implementation Requirements:
      Parsing the URL includes calling the parseURL method on the selected handler.
      Parameters:
      context - the context in which to parse the specification.
      spec - the String to parse as a URL.
      Throws:
      MalformedURLException - if no protocol is specified, or an unknown protocol is found, or spec is null, or the parsed URL fails to comply with the specific syntax of the associated protocol, or the underlying stream handler's parseURL method throws IllegalArgumentException
      See Also:

    • URL

      @Deprecated(since="20") public URL(URL context, String spec, URLStreamHandler handler) throws MalformedURLException
      Deprecated.
      Use of(URI, URLStreamHandler) to construct an instance of URL associated with a custom protocol handler. See the note on constructor deprecation for more details.
      Creates a URL by parsing the given spec with the specified handler within a specified context. If the handler is null, the parsing occurs as with the two argument constructor.
      Implementation Requirements:
      Parsing the URL includes calling the parseURL method on the selected handler.
      Parameters:
      context - the context in which to parse the specification.
      spec - the String to parse as a URL.
      handler - the stream handler for the URL.
      Throws:
      MalformedURLException - if no protocol is specified, or an unknown protocol is found, or spec is null, or the parsed URL fails to comply with the specific syntax of the associated protocol, or the underlying stream handler's parseURL method throws IllegalArgumentException
      SecurityException - if a security manager exists and its checkPermission method doesn't allow specifying a stream handler.
      See Also:

  • Method Details

    • of

      public static URL of(URI uri, URLStreamHandler handler) throws MalformedURLException
      Creates a URL from a URI, as if by invoking uri.toURL(), but associating it with the given URLStreamHandler, if allowed.
      API Note:
      Applications should consider performing additional integrity checks before constructing a URL and opening a connection. See the API note in the class level API documentation.
      Implementation Requirements:
      The implementation of this method includes calling the parseURL method on the selected handler.
      Parameters:
      uri - the URI from which the returned URL should be built
      handler - a custom protocol stream handler for the returned URL. Can be null, in which case the default stream handler for the protocol if any, will be used.
      Returns:
      a new URL instance created from the given URI and associated with the given URLStreamHandler, if any
      Throws:
      NullPointerException - if uri is null
      IllegalArgumentException - if no protocol is specified (the uri scheme is null), or if the URLStreamHandler is not null and can not be set for the given protocol
      MalformedURLException - if an unknown protocol is found, or the given URI fails to comply with the specific syntax of the associated protocol, or the underlying stream handler's parseURL method throws IllegalArgumentException
      SecurityException - if a security manager exists and its checkPermission method doesn't allow specifying a stream handler
      Since:
      20
      See Also:

    • getQuery

      public String getQuery()
      Gets the query part of this URL.
      Returns:
      the query part of this URL, or null if one does not exist
      Since:
      1.3

    • getPath

      public String getPath()
      Gets the path part of this URL.
      Returns:
      the path part of this URL, or an empty string if one does not exist
      Since:
      1.3

    • getUserInfo

      public String getUserInfo()
      Gets the userInfo part of this URL.
      Returns:
      the userInfo part of this URL, or null if one does not exist
      Since:
      1.3

    • getAuthority

      public String getAuthority()
      Gets the authority part of this URL.
      Returns:
      the authority part of this URL
      Since:
      1.3

    • getPort

      public int getPort()
      Gets the port number of this URL.
      Returns:
      the port number, or -1 if the port is not set

    • getDefaultPort

      public int getDefaultPort()
      Gets the default port number of the protocol associated with this URL. If the URL scheme or the URLStreamHandler for the URL do not define a default port number, then -1 is returned.
      Returns:
      the port number
      Since:
      1.4

    • getProtocol

      public String getProtocol()
      Gets the protocol name of this URL.
      Returns:
      the protocol of this URL.

    • getHost

      public String getHost()
      Gets the host name of this URL, if applicable. The format of the host conforms to RFC 2732, i.e. for a literal IPv6 address, this method will return the IPv6 address enclosed in square brackets ('[' and ']').
      Returns:
      the host name of this URL.

    • getFile

      public String getFile()
      Gets the file name of this URL. The returned file portion will be the same as getPath(), plus the concatenation of the value of getQuery(), if any. If there is no query portion, this method and getPath() will return identical results.
      Returns:
      the file name of this URL, or an empty string if one does not exist

    • getRef

      public String getRef()
      Gets the anchor (also known as the "reference") of this URL.
      Returns:
      the anchor (also known as the "reference") of this URL, or null if one does not exist

    • equals

      public boolean equals(Object obj)
      Compares this URL for equality with another object.

      If the given object is not a URL then this method immediately returns false.

      Two URL objects are equal if they have the same protocol, reference equivalent hosts, have the same port number on the host, and the same file and fragment of the file.

      Two hosts are considered equivalent if both host names can be resolved into the same IP addresses; else if either host name can't be resolved, the host names must be equal without regard to case; or both host names equal to null.

      Since hosts comparison requires name resolution, this operation is a blocking operation.

      Note: The defined behavior for equals is known to be inconsistent with virtual hosting in HTTP.

      Overrides:
      equals in class Object
      Parameters:
      obj - the URL to compare against.
      Returns:
      true if the objects are the same; false otherwise.
      See Also:

    • hashCode

      public int hashCode()
      Creates an integer suitable for hash table indexing.

      The hash code is based upon all the URL components relevant for URL comparison. As such, this operation is a blocking operation.

      Overrides:
      hashCode in class Object
      Returns:
      a hash code for this URL.
      See Also:

    • sameFile

      public boolean sameFile(URL other)
      Compares two URLs, excluding the fragment component.

      Returns true if this URL and the other argument are equal without taking the fragment component into consideration.

      Parameters:
      other - the URL to compare against.
      Returns:
      true if they reference the same remote object; false otherwise.

    • toString

      public String toString()
      Constructs a string representation of this URL. The string is created by calling the toExternalForm method of the stream protocol handler for this object.
      Overrides:
      toString in class Object
      Returns:
      a string representation of this object.
      See Also:

    • toExternalForm

      public String toExternalForm()
      Constructs a string representation of this URL. The string is created by calling the toExternalForm method of the stream protocol handler for this object.
      Returns:
      a string representation of this object.
      See Also:

    • toURI

      public URI toURI() throws URISyntaxException
      Returns a URI equivalent to this URL. This method functions in the same way as new URI (this.toString()).

      Note, any URL instance that complies with RFC 2396 can be converted to a URI. However, some URLs that are not strictly in compliance can not be converted to a URI.

      Returns:
      a URI instance equivalent to this URL.
      Throws:
      URISyntaxException - if this URL is not formatted strictly according to RFC2396 and cannot be converted to a URI.
      Since:
      1.5

    • openConnection

      public URLConnection openConnection() throws IOException
      Returns a URLConnection instance that represents a connection to the remote object referred to by the URL.

      A new instance of URLConnection is created every time when invoking the URLStreamHandler.openConnection(URL) method of the protocol handler for this URL.

      It should be noted that a URLConnection instance does not establish the actual network connection on creation. This will happen only when calling URLConnection.connect().

      If for the URL's protocol (such as HTTP or JAR), there exists a public, specialized URLConnection subclass belonging to one of the following packages or one of their subpackages: java.lang, java.io, java.util, java.net, the connection returned will be of that subclass. For example, for HTTP an HttpURLConnection will be returned, and for JAR a JarURLConnection will be returned.

      Returns:
      a URLConnection linking to the URL.
      Throws:
      IOException - if an I/O exception occurs.
      See Also:

    • openConnection

      public URLConnection openConnection(Proxy proxy) throws IOException
      Same as openConnection(), except that the connection will be made through the specified proxy; Protocol handlers that do not support proxying will ignore the proxy parameter and make a normal connection. Invoking this method preempts the system's default ProxySelector settings.
      Parameters:
      proxy - the Proxy through which this connection will be made. If direct connection is desired, Proxy.NO_PROXY should be specified.
      Returns:
      a URLConnection to the URL.
      Throws:
      IOException - if an I/O exception occurs.
      SecurityException - if a security manager is present and the caller doesn't have permission to connect to the proxy.
      IllegalArgumentException - will be thrown if proxy is null, or proxy has the wrong type
      UnsupportedOperationException - if the subclass that implements the protocol handler doesn't support this method.
      Since:
      1.5
      See Also:

    • openStream

      public final InputStream openStream() throws IOException
      Opens a connection to this URL and returns an InputStream for reading from that connection. This method is a shorthand for: 
           openConnection().getInputStream()
      Returns:
      an input stream for reading from the URL connection.
      Throws:
      IOException - if an I/O exception occurs.
      See Also:

    • getContent

      public final Object getContent() throws IOException
      Gets the contents of this URL. This method is a shorthand for: 
           openConnection().getContent()
      Returns:
      the contents of this URL.
      Throws:
      IOException - if an I/O exception occurs.
      See Also:

    • getContent

      public final Object getContent(Class<?>[] classes) throws IOException
      Gets the contents of this URL. This method is a shorthand for: 
           openConnection().getContent(classes)
      Parameters:
      classes - an array of Java types
      Returns:
      the content object of this URL that is the first match of the types specified in the classes array. null if none of the requested types are supported.
      Throws:
      IOException - if an I/O exception occurs.
      Since:
      1.3
      See Also:

    • setURLStreamHandlerFactory

      public static void setURLStreamHandlerFactory(URLStreamHandlerFactory fac)
      Sets an application's URLStreamHandlerFactory. This method can be called at most once in a given Java Virtual Machine.

      The URLStreamHandlerFactory instance is used to construct a stream protocol handler from a protocol name.

      If there is a security manager, this method first calls the security manager's checkSetFactory method to ensure the operation is allowed. This could result in a SecurityException.

      Parameters:
      fac - the desired factory.
      Throws:
      Error - if the application has already set a factory.
      SecurityException - if a security manager exists and its checkSetFactory method doesn't allow the operation.
      See Also: