Standard library header <optional> (C++17)

From cppreference.com
< cpp‎ | header
 
 
Standard library headers
Language support
Concepts
<concepts> (C++20)
Diagnostics
<system_error> (C++11)

Memory management
<memory_resource> (C++17)  
Metaprogramming
<type_traits> (C++11)
<ratio> (C++11)
General utilities
<utility>
<tuple> (C++11)
<optional> (C++17)
<variant> (C++17)
<any> (C++17)
<expected> (C++23)
<bitset>

<charconv> (C++17)
<format> (C++20)
<bit> (C++20)

Strings
<cuchar> (C++11)

Containers
<flat_set> (C++23)
<span> (C++20)
<mdspan> (C++23)

Iterators
<iterator>
Ranges
<ranges> (C++20)
<generator> (C++23)
Algorithms
Numerics
<cfenv> (C++11)
<complex>
<numbers> (C++20)

Time
<chrono> (C++11)
Localization
<codecvt> (C++11/17*)
Input/output
<filesystem> (C++17)
<cstdio>
<cinttypes> (C++11)
<strstream> (C++98*)
Regular expressions
<regex> (C++11)
Concurrency support
<stop_token> (C++20)
<thread> (C++11)
<atomic> (C++11)
<stdatomic.h> (C++23)
<mutex> (C++11)
<shared_mutex> (C++14)
<condition_variable> (C++11)  
<semaphore> (C++20)
<latch> (C++20)
<barrier> (C++20)
<future> (C++11)

C compatibility
<cstdbool> (C++11/17/20*)  
<ccomplex> (C++11/17/20*)
<ctgmath> (C++11/17/20*)

<cstdalign> (C++11/17/20*)

<ciso646> (until C++20)

 

Includes

(C++20)
Three-way comparison operator support

Classes

(C++17)
a wrapper that may or may not hold an object
(class template)
exception indicating checked access to an optional that doesn't contain a value
(class)
specializes the std::hash algorithm
(class template specialization)
(C++17)
indicator of optional type with uninitialized state
(class)
Forward declarations
Defined in header <functional>
(C++11)
hash function object
(class template)

Constants

(C++17)
an object of type nullopt_t
(constant)

Functions

Comparison
(C++17)(C++17)(C++17)(C++17)(C++17)(C++17)(C++20)
compares optional objects
(function template)
Specialized algorithms
specializes the std::swap algorithm
(function template)
creates an optional object
(function template)

Synopsis

#include <compare>
 
namespace std {
  // class template optional
  template<class T>
    class optional;
 
  // no-value state indicator
  struct nullopt_t{/* see description */};
  inline constexpr nullopt_t nullopt(/* unspecified */);
 
  // class bad_optional_access
  class bad_optional_access;
 
  // relational operators
  template<class T, class U>
    constexpr bool operator==(const optional<T>&, const optional<U>&);
  template<class T, class U>
    constexpr bool operator!=(const optional<T>&, const optional<U>&);
  template<class T, class U>
    constexpr bool operator<(const optional<T>&, const optional<U>&);
  template<class T, class U>
    constexpr bool operator>(const optional<T>&, const optional<U>&);
  template<class T, class U>
    constexpr bool operator<=(const optional<T>&, const optional<U>&);
  template<class T, class U>
    constexpr bool operator>=(const optional<T>&, const optional<U>&);
  template<class T, three_way_comparable_with<T> U>
    constexpr compare_three_way_result_t<T,U>
      operator<=>(const optional<T>&, const optional<U>&);
 
  // comparison with nullopt
  template<class T> constexpr bool operator==(const optional<T>&, nullopt_t) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const optional<T>&, nullopt_t) noexcept;
 
  // comparison with T
  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator==(const optional<T>&, const U&);
  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator==(const T&, const optional<U>&);
  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator!=(const optional<T>&, const U&);
  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator!=(const T&, const optional<U>&);
  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator<(const optional<T>&, const U&);
  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator<(const T&, const optional<U>&);
  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator>(const optional<T>&, const U&);
  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator>(const T&, const optional<U>&);
  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator<=(const optional<T>&, const U&);
  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator<=(const T&, const optional<U>&);
  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator>=(const optional<T>&, const U&);
  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator>=(const T&, const optional<U>&);
  template<class T, three_way_comparable_with<T> U>
    constexpr compare_three_way_result_t<T,U>
      operator<=>(const optional<T>&, const U&);
 
  // specialized algorithms
  template<class T>
    constexpr void swap(optional<T>&, optional<T>&) noexcept(/* see description */);
 
  template<class T>
    constexpr optional</* see description */> make_optional(T&&);
  template<class T, class... Args>
    constexpr optional<T> make_optional(Args&&... args);
  template<class T, class U, class... Args>
    constexpr optional<T> make_optional(initializer_list<U> il, Args&&... args);
 
  // hash support
  template<class T> struct hash;
  template<class T> struct hash<optional<T>>;
}

Class template std::optional

namespace std {
  template<class T>
  class optional {
  public:
    using value_type = T;
 
    // constructors
    constexpr optional() noexcept;
    constexpr optional(nullopt_t) noexcept;
    constexpr optional(const optional&);
    constexpr optional(optional&&) noexcept(/* see description */);
    template<class... Args>
      constexpr explicit optional(in_place_t, Args&&...);
    template<class U, class... Args>
      constexpr explicit optional(in_place_t, initializer_list<U>, Args&&...);
    template<class U = T>
      constexpr explicit(/* see description */) optional(U&&);
    template<class U>
      constexpr explicit(/* see description */) optional(const optional<U>&);
    template<class U>
      constexpr explicit(/* see description */) optional(optional<U>&&);
 
    // destructor
    constexpr ~optional();
 
    // assignment
    constexpr optional& operator=(nullopt_t) noexcept;
    constexpr optional& operator=(const optional&);
    constexpr optional& operator=(optional&&) noexcept(/* see description */);
    template<class U = T> constexpr optional& operator=(U&&);
    template<class U> constexpr optional& operator=(const optional<U>&);
    template<class U> constexpr optional& operator=(optional<U>&&);
    template<class... Args> constexpr T& emplace(Args&&...);
    template<class U, class... Args> constexpr T& emplace(initializer_list<U>, Args&&...);
 
    // swap
    constexpr void swap(optional&) noexcept(/* see description */);
 
    // observers
    constexpr const T* operator->() const noexcept;
    constexpr T* operator->() noexcept;
    constexpr const T& operator*() const& noexcept;
    constexpr T& operator*() & noexcept;
    constexpr T&& operator*() && noexcept;
    constexpr const T&& operator*() const&& noexcept;
    constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool has_value() const noexcept;
    constexpr const T& value() const&;
    constexpr T& value() &;
    constexpr T&& value() &&;
    constexpr const T&& value() const&&;
    template<class U> constexpr T value_or(U&&) const&;
    template<class U> constexpr T value_or(U&&) &&;
 
    // monadic operations
    template <class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) &;
    template <class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) &&;
    template <class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) const&;
    template <class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) const&&;
    template <class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) &;
    template <class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) &&;
    template <class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) const&;
    template <class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) const&&;
    template <class F> constexpr optional or_else(F&& f) &&;
    template <class F> constexpr optional or_else(F&& f) const&;
 
    // modifiers
    constexpr void reset() noexcept;
 
  private:
    T *val;         // exposition only
  };
 
  template<class T>
    optional(T) -> optional<T>;
}