std::ranges::upper_bound

Defined in header `<algorithm>`
Call signature
template< std::forward_iterator I, std::sentinel_for<I> S, class T, class Proj = std::identity, std::indirect_strict_weak_order< const T*, std::projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less > constexpr I upper_bound( I first, S last, const T& value, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {} );	(1)	(since C++20)
template< ranges::forward_range R, class T, class Proj = std::identity, std::indirect_strict_weak_order< const T*, std::projected<ranges::iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less > constexpr ranges::borrowed_iterator_t<R> upper_bound( R&& r, const T& value, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {} );	(2)	(since C++20)

1) Returns an iterator pointing to the first element in the range [first, last) that is greater than value, or last if no such element is found. The range [first, last) must be partitioned with respect to the expression or !comp(value, element), i.e., all elements for which the expression is true must precede all elements for which the expression is false. A fully-sorted range meets this criterion.

2) Same as (1), but uses r as the source range, as if using ranges::begin(r) as first and ranges::end(r) as last.

The function-like entities described on this page are niebloids, that is:

Explicit template argument lists cannot be specified when calling any of them.
None of them are visible to argument-dependent lookup.
When any of them are found by normal unqualified lookup as the name to the left of the function-call operator, argument-dependent lookup is inhibited.

In practice, they may be implemented as function objects, or with special compiler extensions.

Parameters

first, last	-	iterator-sentinel defining the partially-ordered range to examine
r	-	the partially-ordered range to examine
value	-	value to compare the elements to
pred	-	predicate to apply to the projected elements
proj	-	projection to apply to the elements

Return value

Iterator pointing to the first element that is greater than value, or last if no such element is found.

Complexity

The number of comparisons and applications of the projection performed are logarithmic in the distance between first and last (at most $log 2 (last - first) + O(1)$ comparisons and applications of the projection). However, for an iterator that does not model random_access_iterator, the number of iterator increments is linear.

Possible implementation

struct upper_bound_fn
{
    template<std::forward_iterator I, std::sentinel_for<I> S,
             class T, class Proj = std::identity,
             std::indirect_strict_weak_order<
                 const T*,
                 std::projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
    constexpr I operator()(I first, S last, const T& value,
                           Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {}) const
    {
        I it;
        std::iter_difference_t<I> count, step;
        count = ranges::distance(first, last);
 
        while (count > 0)
        {
            it = first; 
            step = count / 2;
            ranges::advance(it, step, last);
            if (!comp(value, std::invoke(proj, *it)))
            {
                first = ++it;
                count -= step + 1;
            }
            else
                count = step;
        }
        return first;
    }
 
    template<ranges::forward_range R, class T, class Proj = std::identity,
             std::indirect_strict_weak_order<
                 const T*,
                 std::projected<ranges::iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
    constexpr ranges::borrowed_iterator_t<R>
        operator()(R&& r, const T& value, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {}) const
    {
        return (*this)(ranges::begin(r), ranges::end(r), value,
                       std::ref(comp), std::ref(proj));
    }
};
 
inline constexpr upper_bound_fn upper_bound;

Example

Run this code

#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <vector>
 
int main()
{
    namespace ranges = std::ranges;
 
    std::vector<int> data {1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6};
 
    {
        auto lower = ranges::lower_bound(data.begin(), data.end(), 4);
        auto upper = ranges::upper_bound(data.begin(), data.end(), 4);
 
        ranges::copy(lower, upper, std::ostream_iterator<int>(std::cout, " "));
        std::cout << '\n';
    }
    {
        auto lower = ranges::lower_bound(data, 3);
        auto upper = ranges::upper_bound(data, 3);
 
        ranges::copy(lower, upper, std::ostream_iterator<int>(std::cout, " "));
        std::cout << '\n';
    }
}

Output:

4 4 4 
3 3 3 3

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Technical specifications
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External libraries

ranges::equal_range (C++20)	returns range of elements matching a specific key (niebloid)
ranges::lower_bound (C++20)	returns an iterator to the first element not less than the given value (niebloid)
ranges::partition (C++20)	divides a range of elements into two groups (niebloid)
upper_bound	returns an iterator to the first element greater than a certain value (function template)