Star Wars Episode IV A New Hope originally released as Star Wars is a American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas It is the first of six films released in the Star Wars saga two subsequent films complete the original trilogy while a prequel trilogy completes the six film saga It is the fourth film in terms of the series internal chronology Groundbreaking in its use of special effects unconventional editing and science fiction fantasy storytelling the original Star Wars is one of the most successful and influential films of all time Set a long time ago in a galaxy far far away the film follows a group of freedom fighters known as the Rebel Alliance as they plot to destroy the powerful Death Star space station a devastating weapon created by the evil Galactic Empire This conflict disrupts the isolated life of farmboy Luke Skywalker when he inadvertently acquires the droids carrying the stolen plans to the Death Star After the Empire begins a cruel and destructive search for the droids Skywalker decides to accompany Jedi Master Obi Wan Kenobi on a daring mission to rescue the owner of the droids rebel leader Princess Leia Organa and save the galaxy Produced with a budget of million and released on May the film earned million in the United States and million overseas surpassing Jaws as the highest grossing film and remained that way until being surpassed by E T the Extra Terrestrial in Among the many awards the film received it gained ten Academy Award nominations winning six the nominations included Best Supporting Actor for Alec Guinness and Best Picture The film is widely ranked among the best films of all time Lucas has re released the film on several occasions sometimes with significant changes the most notable versions are the Special Edition the DVD release and the Blu ray release which have modified computer generated effects altered dialogue and added scenes Plot The galaxy is in a state of civil war Spies for the Rebel Alliance have stolen plans to the Galactic Empire s Death Star a weaponized space station capable of annihilating an entire planet Rebel leader Princess Leia Carrie Fisher is in possession of the plans but her ship is captured by Imperial forces under the command of the evil lord Darth Vader David Prowse Before she is captured Leia hides the plans in the memory of a droid called R D Kenny Baker along with a holographic recording The small droid escapes to the surface of the desert planet Tatooine with fellow droid C PO Anthony Daniels The two droids are quickly captured by Jawa traders who sell the pair to moisture farmer Owen Lars Phil Brown and his nephew Luke Skywalker Mark Hamill While Luke is cleaning R D he accidentally triggers part of Leia s holographic message in which she requests help from Obi Wan Kenobi The only Kenobi Luke knows of is an old hermit named Ben Kenobi Alec Guinness who lives in the nearby hills Owen however dismisses any connection suggesting that Obi Wan is dead During dinner R D escapes to seek Obi Wan By the time Luke discovers his escape it is too late for pursuit The next morning Luke and C PO look for R D and just after finding him are attacked by Sand People The assailants are scared off by Ben Kenobi who reveals himself to be Obi Wan He takes Luke and the droids to his home where he tells Luke of his days as a Jedi Knight The Jedi were the guardians of peace and justice in the galaxy before being wiped out by the Empire Obi Wan tells of the Force from which the Jedi draw their power He goes on to tell Luke of his father Anakin Skywalker another Jedi who fought alongside Obi Wan Contrary to his uncle s claims Luke learns that his father was betrayed and killed by Darth Vader Obi Wan s former pupil who turned to the dark side of the Force Luke is presented with his father s lightsaber the Jedi s weapon of choice Obi Wan views Leia s complete message Leia begs Obi Wan to take R D and the Death Star plans to her home planet of Alderaan where her father will be able to retrieve and analyze them Obi Wan asks Luke to learn the ways of the Force and join him on the trip Luke initially refuses offering Obi Wan transit to a local space port When he discovers that his home has been destroyed and his aunt and uncle were killed by Imperial stormtroopers in search of the droids Luke agrees to join Obi Wan and travel to Alderaan The two hire smuggler Han Solo Harrison Ford and his Wookiee co pilot Chewbacca Peter Mayhew to transport them on their ship the Millennium Falcon Meanwhile Leia has been imprisoned on the Death Star and has resisted revealing the location of the secret Rebel base Grand Moff Tarkin Peter Cushing the Death Star s commanding officer and Vader s superior tries to coax information out of her by threatening to destroy Alderaan Leia pretends to cooperate but Tarkin destroys the planet anyway to demonstrate the power of the Empire s new weapon When the Falcon arrives at Alderaan s coordinates it finds only a cloud of rubble They follow a TIE fighter not realizing they are being drawn towards the Death Star When they attempt to flee the ship Falcon is captured by the station s tractor beam and is brought into its hangar bay The group escapes from the Falcon and takes refuge in a command room while Obi Wan goes off to disable the tractor beam While they are waiting Luke discovers that Princess Leia is aboard and is scheduled to be executed Sizing up the situation Han Luke and Chewbacca stage a rescue and free the princess After several harrowing escapes they make their way back to the Falcon where they witness a lightsaber duel between Obi Wan and Darth Vader As the others race onto the ship to escape Obi Wan allows himself to be struck down by Vader s lightsaber Kenobi disappears while his empty cloak and deactivated lightsaber fall to the ground As the Falcon makes its escape Vader and Tarkin reveal that a tracking device was placed aboard the ship in order to finally find the rebel base After fighting their way through a token defence the Falcon flies clear of the Death Star and reaches the Yavin IV Rebel base The Death Star plans are analyzed by the Rebels disclosing a vulnerable exhaust port leading to the main reactor Luke joins the assault team but Han collects his reward for the rescue and leaves despite Luke s request to stay and fight The Death Star arrives and is met by Rebel fighters The Rebels suffer heavy losses after several failed attack runs few pilots survive Vader appears in a TIE Advanced X and attacks the Rebel ships Luke one of the few Rebel pilots left begins his attack as the Death Star moves into attack range Vader closes on Luke but as he is about to fire Han arrives in the Falcon and attacks Vader s wingmen Vader s ship is sent careening off into space Guided by Obi Wan s voice telling him to use the Force Luke switches off his targeting computer and fires a successful shot destroying the Death Star seconds before it is about to fire on the Rebel base Later Princess Leia awards medals to Luke and Han for their heroism Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker Luke is a young man who was raised by his aunt and uncle on the remote desert world Tatooine He dreams of something greater than his current position in life and eventually finds it Harrison Ford as Han Solo Han is a sarcastic smuggler whom Obi Wan and Luke meet at the Mos Eisley Cantina and with whom they later travel He owns a ship called the Millennium Falcon and is good friends with Chewbacca the ship s co pilot Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia Organa Leia is a member of the Imperial Senate and a leader of the Rebel Alliance She plans to use the stolen Death Star plans to find the station s weakness Peter Cushing as Grand Moff Tarkin Tarkin is the commander of the Death Star and a Regional Governor of the Galaxy He leads the search for the Rebel Base hoping to destroy it Alec Guinness as Obi Wan Ben Kenobi Obi Wan is an aging man who served as a Jedi Knight and then Jedi Master during the Clone Wars Early in the film Kenobi introduces Luke to the Force Anthony Daniels as C PO PO is a protocol and interpreter droid who also falls into Luke s hands He is rarely without his counterpart droid R D Kenny Baker as R D R is an astromech droid who falls into the hands of Luke He is carrying a secret message for Obi Wan from The Princess Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca Chewie is the Wookiee co pilot of the Millennium Falcon and good friends with Han Solo David Prowse as Darth Vader Vader is a Dark Lord of the Sith and a prominent figure of the Galactic Empire who hopes to destroy the Rebel Alliance He is voiced by James Earl Jones Lucas shared a joint casting session with long time friend Brian De Palma who was casting his own film Carrie As a result Carrie Fisher and Sissy Spacek auditioned for both films in each other s respective roles Lucas favored casting young actors without long time experience While reading for Luke Skywalker then known as Luke Starkiller Hamill found the dialogue to be extremely odd because of its universe embedded concepts He chose to simply read it sincerely and was selected instead of William Katt who was subsequently cast in Carrie Lucas initially rejected the idea of using Harrison Ford as he had previously worked with him on American Graffiti and instead asked Ford to assist in the auditions by reading lines with the other actors and explaining the concepts and history behind the scenes that they were reading Lucas was eventually won over by Ford s portrayal and cast him instead of Kurt Russell Nick Nolte Sylvester Stallone Christopher Walken Billy Dee Williams who would play Lando Calrissian in the sequels and Perry King who wound up playing Solo in the radio plays Many young actresses in Hollywood auditioned for the role of Princess Leia including Cindy Williams Carrie Fisher was cast under the condition that she lose pounds for the role Aware that the studio disagreed with his refusal to cast big name star Lucas signed veteran stage and screen actor Alec Guinness as Obi Wan Kenobi Additional casting took place in London where Mayhew was cast as Chewbacca after he stood up to greet Lucas Lucas immediately turned to Gary Kurtz and requested that Mayhew be cast Daniels auditioned for and was cast as C PO he has said that he wanted the role after he saw a McQuarrie drawing of the character and was struck by the vulnerability in the robot s face Writing Elements of the history of Star Wars are commonly disputed as Lucas statements about it have changed over time a George Lucas completed directing his first full length feature THX in He has said that it was around this time that he first had the idea for Star Wars though he has also claimed to have had the idea long before then One of the most influential works on Lucas s early concepts was the Flash Gordon space adventure comics and serials Lucas even made an attempt to purchase the rights to remake Flash Gordon at one point but could not afford them Friend and collaborator Walter Murch suggested in an interview that Star Wars was Lucas transubstantiated version of Apocalypse Now at one time Lucas had planned to direct that film Following the completion of THX Lucas was granted a two film development deal with United Artists at the Cannes Film Festival in May of that year for American Graffiti and an idea for a space opera he called The Star Wars He showed United Artists the script for American Graffiti but they passed on the film Universal Studios picked the film up and Lucas spent the next two years completing it Only then did he turn his attention to The Star Wars He began writing the treatment in January unsure what would come of Graffiti and still very much in debt Lucas began his creation process by taking small notes inventing odd names and assigning them possible characterizations Lucas would discard many of these by the time the final script was written but he included several names and places in the final script or its sequels such as Luke Skywalker and Han Solo He revived others decades later when he wrote his prequel trilogy such as Mace Windy renamed Windu He used these initial names and ideas to compile a two page synopsis titled The Journal of the Whills which bore little resemblance to the final story The Journal told the tale of the son of a famous pilot who is trained as a padawaan apprentice of a revered Jedi Bendu Frustrated after being told that his story was too difficult to understand Lucas started again on a completely new outline this time borrowing heavily from Akira Kurosawa s The Hidden Fortress so much so that he at one time considered buying the rights to the film He relied on a plot synopsis from Donald Richie s book The Films of Akira Kurosawa and wrote a page draft that paralleled The Hidden Fortress with names and settings reminiscent of the science fiction genre Both United Artists and Universal passed on their options for the film later that year citing the risk involved in the project s potentially high budget Lucas pursued Alan Ladd Jr the head of th Century Fox and in June closed a deal to write and direct the film Although Ladd did not grasp the technical side of the project he believed that Lucas was talented Lucas later stated that Ladd invested in me he did not invest in the movie The deal afforded Lucas to write and direct Later that year Lucas began writing a full script of his synopsis which he would complete in May In this script he reintroduced the Jedi which had been absent in his previous treatment as well as their enemies the Sith He changed the protagonist who had been a mature General in the treatment to an adolescent boy and he shifted the General into a supporting role as a member of a family of dwarfs Lucas envisioned the Corellian smuggler Han Solo as a large green skinned monster with gills this would turn out to be Greedo who Han would shoot in the Mos Eisley Cantina when we first meet his character He based Chewbacca on his Alaskan Malamute dog Indiana whom he would later use as namesake for his next hero Indiana Jones who often acted as the director s co pilot by sitting in the passenger seat of his car Many of the final elements in the film began to take shape though the plot was still far removed from the final script It did however begin to diverge from The Hidden Fortress and take on the general story elements that would comprise the final film Lucas began researching the science fiction genre both watching films and reading books and comics His first script incorporated ideas from many new sources The script would also introduce the concept of a Jedi master father and his son training to be a Jedi under the father s Jedi friend which would ultimately form the basis for the film and even the trilogy However in this draft the father is a hero who is still alive at the start of the film The script was also the first time Darth Vader appeared in the story though other than being a villain he bore little resemblance to the final character Lucas grew distracted by other projects but he would return to complete a second draft of The Star Wars by January while still having some differences in the characters and relationships For example the protagonist Luke Starkiller in this draft had several brothers as well as his father who appears in a minor role at the end of the film The script became more of a fairy tale quest as opposed to the more grounded action adventure of the previous versions This version ended with another text crawl which previewed the next story in the series This draft was also the first to introduce the concept of a Jedi turning to the dark side a historical Jedi that became the first to ever fall to the dark side and then trained the Sith to use it Lucas hired conceptual artist Ralph McQuarrie to create paintings of certain scenes around this time When Lucas delivered his screenplay to the studio he included several of McQuarrie s paintings A third draft dated August was titled The Star Wars From the Adventures of Luke Starkiller which now had most of the elements of the final plot with only some differences in the characters and settings Luke was again an only child and his father was for the first time written as dead This script would be re written for the fourth and final draft dated January as The Adventures of Luke Starkiller as taken from the Journal of the Whills Saga I Star Wars Lucas worked with his friends Gloria Katz and Willard Huyck to revise the fourth draft into the final pre production script th Century Fox approved a budget of American Graffiti having been released in to positive reviews allowed Lucas to renegotiate his deal with Alan Ladd Jr and request the sequel rights to the film For Lucas this deal protected Star Wars unwritten segments and most of the merchandising profits Lucas would continue to tweak the script during shooting most notably adding the death of Kenobi after realizing he served no purpose in the ending of the film edit Lucas s claims Lucas has often alleged that the entire original trilogy was written as one film that the Star Wars script was too long so he split it into three films However none of Lucas s drafts had more pages or scenes than his final draft Lucas s second draft is usually cited as the script he is referring to with these comments Michael Kaminski argues in his work The Secret History of Star Wars that this draft is structurally very similar to the final film in plot arrangement and that the only elements from it that were saved for the sequels were an asteroid field space chase moved to The Empire Strikes Back and a forest battle involving Wookiees moved to Return of the Jedi with Ewoks in place of Wookiees and that none of the major plotlines of the sequels are present Lucas himself has admitted this edit Production In Lucas founded the visual effects company Industrial Light Magic ILM after discovering that th Century Fox s visual effects department had been disbanded ILM began its work on Star Wars in a warehouse in Van Nuys California Most of the visual effects used motion control photography which creates the illusion of size by employing small models and slowly moving cameras Model spaceships were constructed on the basis of drawings by Joe Johnston input from Lucas and paintings by McQuarrie Lucas opted to abandon the traditional sleekness of science fiction by creating a used universe in which all devices ships and buildings looked aged and dirty When filming began on March in the Tunisian desert for the scenes on the planet Tatooine the project faced several problems Lucas fell behind schedule in the first week of shooting due to a rare Tunisian rainstorm malfunctioning props and electronic breakdowns When actor Anthony Daniels wore the C PO outfit for the first time the left leg piece shattered down through the plastic covering his left foot stabbing him After completing filming in Tunisia production moved into the more controlled environment of Elstree Studios near London However significant problems such as a crew that had little interest in the film still arose Most of the crew considered the project a children s film rarely took their work seriously and often found it unintentionally humorous Actor Kenny Baker later confessed that he thought the film would be a failure Harrison Ford found the film weird in that there was a Princess with buns for hair and what he called a giant in a monkey suit named Chewbacca Ford also found the dialogue difficult saying George you can type this shit but you can t say it Lucas clashed with cinematographer Gilbert Taylor whom producer Gary Kurtz called old school and crotchety Moreover with a background in independent filmmaking Lucas was accustomed to creating most of the elements of the film himself His camera suggestions were rejected by an offended Taylor who felt that Lucas was over stepping his boundaries by giving specific instructions Lucas eventually became frustrated that the costumes sets and other elements were not living up to his original vision of Star Wars He rarely spoke to the actors who felt that he expected too much of them while providing little direction His directions to the actors usually consisted of the words faster and more intense Ladd offered Lucas some of the only support from the studio he dealt with scrutiny from board members over the rising budget and complex screenplay drafts After production fell two weeks behind schedule Ladd told Lucas that he had to finish production within a week or he would be forced to shut down production The crew split into three units led by Lucas Kurtz and production supervisor Robert Watts Under the new system the project met the studio s deadline During production the cast attempted to make Lucas laugh or smile as he often appeared depressed At one point the project became so demanding that Lucas was diagnosed with hypertension and exhaustion and was warned to reduce his stress level Post production was equally stressful due to increasing pressure from th Century Fox Moreover Mark Hamill s car accident left his face visibly scarred which suppressed re shoots Star Wars was originally slated for release in Christmas however delays pushed the film s release to summer Already anxious about meeting his deadline Lucas was shocked when editor John Jympson s first cut of the film was a complete disaster According to an article in Star Wars Insider by David West Reynolds this first edit of Star Wars contained about different footage from the final version This included scenes that have never been seen elsewhere along with alternate takes of existing scenes After attempting to persuade Jympson to cut the film his way Lucas replaced him with Paul Hirsch and Richard Chew He also allowed his then wife Marcia Lucas to aid the editing process while she was cutting the film New York New York with Lucas s friend Martin Scorsese Richard Chew found the film had an unenergetic pace it had been cut in a by the book manner scenes were played out in master shots that flowed into close up coverage He found that the pace was dictated by the actors instead of the cuts Hirsch and Chew worked on two reels simultaneously whoever finished first moved on to the next Meanwhile Industrial Light Magic was struggling to achieve unprecedented special effects The company had spent half of its budget on four shots that Lucas deemed unacceptable Moreover theories surfaced that the workers at ILM lacked discipline forcing Lucas to intervene frequently to ensure that they were on schedule With hundreds of uncompleted shots remaining ILM was forced to finish a year s work in six months Lucas inspired ILM by editing together aerial dogfights from old war films which enhanced the pacing of the scenes During the chaos of production and post production the team made decisions about character voicing and sound effects Sound designer Ben Burtt had created a library of sounds that Lucas referred to as an organic soundtrack Blaster sounds were a modified recording of a steel cable under tension being struck For Chewbacca s growls Burtt recorded and combined sounds made by dogs bears lions tigers and walruses to create phrases and sentences Lucas and Burtt created the robotic voice of R D by filtering their voices through an electronic synthesizer Darth Vader s breathing was achieved by Burtt breathing through the mask of a scuba regulator implanted with a microphone Lucas never intended to use the voice of David Prowse who portrayed Darth Vader in costume because of Prowse s English West Country accent He originally wanted Orson Welles to speak for Darth Vader However he felt that Welles voice would be too recognizable so he cast the lesser known James Earl Jones Nor did Lucas intend to use Anthony Daniels voice for C PO Thirty well established voice actors read for the voice of the droid According to Daniels one of the major voice actors believed by some sources to be Stan Freberg recommended Daniels voice for the role When Lucas screened an early cut of the film for his friends among them directors Brian De Palma John Milius and Steven Spielberg their reactions were disappointing Spielberg who claimed to have been the only person in the audience to have enjoyed the film believed that the lack of enthusiasm was due to the absence of finished special effects Lucas later said that the group was honest and seemed bemused by the film In contrast Alan Ladd Jr and the rest of th Century Fox loved the film one of the executives Gareth Wigan told Lucas This is the greatest film I ve ever seen and cried during the screening Lucas found the experience shocking and rewarding having never gained any approval from studio executives before The delays increased the budget from million to million According to Lucas the film was inspired by numerous sources such as Beowulf and King Arthur for the origins of myth and world religions Lucas originally wanted to rely heavily on the s Flash Gordon film serials however he resorted to Akira Kurosawa s film The Hidden Fortress and Joseph Campbell s The Hero with a Thousand Faces because of copyright issues with Flash Gordon Star Wars features several parallels to Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon such as the conflict between Rebels and Imperial Forces the wipes between scenes and the famous opening crawl that begins each film A concept borrowed from Flash Gordon a fusion of futuristic technology and traditional magic was originally developed by one of the founders of science fiction H G Wells Wells believed the Industrial Revolution had quietly destroyed the idea that fairy tale magic might be real Thus he found that plausibility was required to allow myth to work properly and substituted elements of the Industrial Era time machines instead of magic carpets Martians instead of dragons and scientists instead of wizards Wells called his new genre scientific fantasia Star Wars was influenced by the Kurosawa film The Hidden Fortress for instance the two bickering peasants evolved into C PO and R D and a Japanese family crest seen in the film is similar to the Imperial Crest Star Wars also borrows heavily from another Kurosawa film Yojimbo In both films several men threaten the hero bragging how wanted they are by authorities The situation ends with an arm being cut off by a blade Kuwabatake Sanjuro portrayed by Toshiro Mifune is offered twenty five ryo now twenty five when you complete the mission whereas Han Solo is offered Two thousand now plus fifteen when we reach Alderaan Lucas s affection for Kurosawa may have influenced his decision to visit Japan in the early s leading some to believe he borrowed the name Jedi from jidaigeki which in English means period dramas and refers to films typically featuring samurai Tatooine is similar to Arrakis from Frank Herbert s book Dune Arrakis is the only known source of a longevity drug called the Spice Melange References to spice various illegal stimulant drugs occur throughout the last three films of the Star Wars saga In Episode IV Han Solo is a spice smuggler who has been through the spice mines of Kessel In the conversation at Obi Wan Kenobi s home between Obi Wan and Luke Luke expresses a belief that his father was a navigator on a spice freighter Other similarities include those between Princess Leia and Princess Alia and between Jedi mind tricks and The Voice a controlling ability used by Bene Gesserit In passing Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru are Moisture Farmers in Dune Dew Collectors are used by Fremen to provide a small but reliable source of water Frank Herbert reported that David Lynch director of film Dune had trouble with the fact that Star Wars used up so much of Dune The pair found sixteen points of identity and they calculated that the odds against coincidence produced a number larger than the number of stars in the universe The Death Star assault scene was modeled after the film The Dam Busters in which Royal Air Force Lancaster bombers fly along heavily defended reservoirs and aim bouncing bombs at their man made dams to cripple the heavy industry of the Ruhr Some of the dialogue in The Dam Busters is repeated in the Star Wars climax Gilbert Taylor also filmed the special effects sequences in The Dam Busters In addition the sequence was partially inspired by the climax of the film Squadron directed by Walter Grauman in which RAF Mosquitos attack a German heavy water plant by flying down a narrow fjord to drop special bombs at a precise point while avoiding anti aircraft guns and German fighters Clips from both films were included in Lucas s temporary dogfight footage version of the sequence The opening shot of Star Wars in which a detailed spaceship fills the screen overhead is a nod to the scene introducing the interplanetary spacecraft Discovery One in Stanley Kubrick s seminal film A Space Odyssey The earlier big budget science fiction film influenced the look of Star Wars in many other ways including the use of EVA pods and hexagonal corridors The Death Star has a docking bay reminiscent of the one on the orbiting space station in citation needed The film also draws on The Wizard of Oz similarities exist between Jawas and Munchkins the main characters disguise themselves as enemy soldiers and when Obi Wan dies he leaves only his empty robe similar to the melting of the Wicked Witch of the West Also of note is that Luke lives on a farm with his uncle and aunt like Dorothy Although golden and male C PO is inspired by the robot Maria from Fritz Lang s film Metropolis His whirring sounds were speculated to be inspired by the clanking noises of The Wizard of Oz character the Tin Woodsman and C PO has an arc throughout the Star Wars saga that is similar to the arc of the Cowardly Lion On the recommendation of his friend Steven Spielberg Lucas hired composer John Williams who had worked with Spielberg on the film Jaws for which he won an Academy Award Lucas felt that the film would portray visually foreign worlds but that the musical score would give the audience an emotional familiarity In March Williams conducted the London Symphony Orchestra to record the Star Wars soundtrack in twelve days Lucas wanted a grand musical sound for Star Wars with leitmotifs to provide distinction Therefore he assembled his favorite orchestral pieces for the soundtrack until John Williams convinced him that an original score would be unique and more unified However a few of Williams pieces were influenced by the tracks given to him by Lucas The Main Title Theme was inspired by the theme from the film Kings Row scored by Erich Wolfgang Korngold and the track Dune Sea of Tatooine drew from the soundtrack from Bicycle Thieves scored by Alessandro Cicognini The American Film Institute s list of best scores lists the Star Wars soundtrack at number one Charles Lippincott was hired by Lucas s production company Lucasfilm Ltd as marketing director for Star Wars As th Century Fox gave little support for marketing beyond licensing T shirts and posters Lippincott was forced to look elsewhere He secured deals with Stan Lee Roy Thomas and Marvel Comics for a comic book adaptation and with Del Rey Books for a novelization A fan of science fiction he used his contacts to promote the film at the San Diego Comic Con and elsewhere within fandom Worried that Star Wars would be beaten out by other summer films such as Smokey and the Bandit th Century Fox moved the release date to the Wednesday before Memorial Day May However fewer than forty theaters ordered the film to be shown In response th Century Fox demanded that theaters order Star Wars if they wanted an eagerly anticipated film based on a best selling novel titled The Other Side of Midnight Within three weeks of the film s release th Century Fox s stock price doubled to a record high Before th Century Fox s greatest annual profits were in the company earned Although the film s cultural neutrality helped it to gain international success Ladd became anxious during the premiere in Japan After the screening the audience was silent leading him to fear that the film would be unsuccessful Ladd was later told that in Japan silence was the greatest honor to a film When Star Wars made an unprecedented second opening at Mann s Chinese Theatre on August after Sorcerer failed thousands of people attended a ceremony in which C PO R D and Darth Vader placed their footprints in the theater s forecourt Some cinemas continuously screened the film for more than a year Little Star Wars merchandise was available for several months after the film s debut only Kenner Toys had accepted Lippincott s licensing offers Kenner responded to the sudden demand for toys by selling boxed vouchers in its empty box Christmas campaign Television commercials told children and parents that vouchers within a Star Wars Early Bird Certificate Package could be redeemed for toys between February and June In at the height of the film s popularity Smith Hemion Productions approached Lucas with the idea of The Star Wars Holiday Special The result is often considered a failure Lucas himself disowned it Lucas entered into a wager with longtime friend Spielberg during the production of Close Encounters of the Third Kind Lucas was sure Close Encounters would outperform the yet to be released Star Wars at the box office and bet of the proceeds of each film against each other Lucas lost the bet and Spielberg still receives proceeds from the first of the Star Wars movies The film was originally released as Star Wars without Episode IV or the subtitle A New Hope The sequel Star Wars Episode V The Empire Strikes Back featured an episode number and subtitle in the opening crawl When the original film was re released in Episode IV A New Hope was added above the original opening crawl Although Lucas claims that only six films were ever planned representatives of Lucasfilm discussed plans for nine or twelve possible films in early interviews The film was re released theatrically in and with additional scenes and enhanced special effects in The film was released on VHS Betamax and Laserdisc during the s and s by CBS Fox Video After ILM used computer generated effects for Steven Spielberg s Jurassic Park Lucas concluded that digital technology had caught up to his original vision for Star Wars For the film s th anniversary in A New Hope was digitally remastered and re released to movie theaters along with The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi under the campaign title The Star Wars Trilogy Special Edition The Special Edition versions contained visual shots and scenes that were unachievable in the original release due to financial technological and time restraints one such scene involved a meeting between Han Solo and Jabba the Hutt The process of creating the new visual effects for A New Hope was featured in the Academy Award nominated IMAX documentary film Special Effects Anything Can Happen directed by veteran Star Wars sound designer Ben Burtt Although most changes were minor or cosmetic in nature some fans believe that Lucas degraded the movie with the additions For instance a particularly controversial change in which a bounty hunter named Greedo shoots first when confronting Han Solo has inspired T shirts brandishing the phrase Han Shot First Although the Special Edition s changes were artistic A New Hope required extensive restoration before Lucas could even attempt his modifications It had been discovered that in addition to the negative motion picture stocks commonly used on feature films Lucas had also used internegative film a reversal stock which deteriorated faster than negative stocks did This meant that the entire printing negative had to be disassembled and the CRI color reversal internegative portions cleaned separately from the negative portions Once the cleaning was complete the film was scanned into the computer for restoration In many cases entire scenes had to be reconstructed from their individual elements Fortunately digital compositing technology allowed them to correct for problems such as alignment of mattes blue spill and so forth The film was then color corrected and digitally printed onto a new negative from which prints would be struck A New Hope was released on DVD on September in a box set with The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi and a bonus disc of supplementary material The movies were digitally restored and remastered and more changes were made by George Lucas The DVD features a commentary track from George Lucas Ben Burtt Dennis Muren and Carrie Fisher The bonus disc contains the documentary Empire of Dreams The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy three featurettes teaser and theatrical trailers TV spots still galleries an exclusive preview of Star Wars Episode III Revenge of the Sith a playable Xbox demo of the LucasArts game Star Wars Battlefront and a Making Of documentary on the Episode III video game The set was reissued in December as part of a three disc limited edition boxed set without the bonus disc The trilogy was re released on separate two disc Limited Edition DVD sets from September to December and again in a box set on November the original versions of the films were added as bonus material Controversy surrounded the release because the unaltered versions were from the non anamorphic Laserdisc masters and were not retransferred with modern video standards On August George Lucas announced that all six Star Wars films would be released on Blu ray Disc in Fall On January the release was announced for September in three different editions Star Wars The Complete Saga includes nine discs and over hours of special features including deleted and alternate scenes from the films On September it was announced that all six films in the series will be converted to stereo D The films will be re released in internal chronological order beginning with The Phantom Menace in early A New Hope is scheduled to be re released in D in Star Wars debuted on Wednesday May in theaters and eight more on Thursday and Friday It immediately broke box office records effectively becoming one of the first blockbuster films and Fox accelerated plans to broaden its release Lucas spent most of the day in a sound studio in Los Angeles When he went out for lunch with his then wife Marcia they encountered a long queue of people along the sidewalks leading to Mann s Chinese Theatre waiting to see Star Wars Even technical crew members such as model makers were asked for autographs and cast members became instant household names Star Wars remains one of the most financially successful films of all time The film s original total U S and Canada gross came to and it earned during its first weekend in wide release The film became the highest grossing film of and the highest grossing film of all time until E T the Extra Terrestrial broke that record in With subsequent re releases Star Wars reclaimed the title but lost it again to James Cameron s blockbuster Titanic The film earned worldwide and adjusted for inflation it is the second highest grossing movie of all time in the United States behind Gone with the Wind The film received a largely positive critical reception In his review Roger Ebert called the film an out of body experience compared its special effects to those of A Space Odyssey and opined that the true strength of the film was its pure narrative Vincent Canby called the film the movie that s going to entertain a lot of contemporary folk who have a soft spot for the virtually ritualized manners of comic book adventure However there were a few negative responses Pauline Kael of The New Yorker criticized the film stating that there s no breather in the picture no lyricism and that it had no emotional grip Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader stated None of these characters has any depth and they re all treated like the fanciful props and settings Peter Keough of the Boston Phoenix said Star Wars is a junkyard of cinematic gimcracks not unlike the Jawas heap of purloined discarded barely functioning droids According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes of reviews assessed are favorable with an average rating of stating in summary A legendarily expansive and ambitious start to the sci fi saga George Lucas opened our eyes to the possiblites of blockbuster filmmaking and things have never been the same th Gene Siskel Chicago Tribune th Roger Ebert Chicago Sun Times Prolific film producer Roger Corman considers Star Wars to be one of the greatest films of all time Star Wars won six Academy Awards including Best Art Direction which went to John Barry Norman Reynolds Leslie Dilley and Roger Christian Best Costume Design was awarded to John Mollo Best Film Editing went to Paul Hirsch Marcia Lucas and Richard Chew John Stears John Dykstra Richard Edlund Grant McCune and Robert Blalack all received awards for Best Visual Effects John Williams was awarded his third Oscar for Best Original Score the Best Sound went to Don MacDougall Ray West Bob Minkler and Derek Ball and a Special Achievement for Sound Effects Editing went to Ben Burtt Additional nominations included Alec Guinness for Best Actor in a Supporting Role George Lucas for Best Original Screenplay Best Director and Best Picture which instead went to Annie Hall At the Golden Globe Awards the film was nominated for Best Motion Picture Drama Best Director Best Supporting Actor Alec Guinness and it won the award for Best Score It received six BAFTA nominations Best Film Best Editing Best Costume Design Best Production Art Design Best Sound and Best Score the film won in the latter two categories John Williams soundtrack album won the Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score for a Motion Picture or Television Program and the film was awarded the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation In the MTV Movie Awards awarded Chewbacca the lifetime achievement award for his work in the Star Wars trilogy Critic Roger Ebert wrote Like The Birth of a Nation and Citizen Kane Star Wars was a technical watershed that influenced many of the movies that came after It began a new generation of special effects and high energy motion pictures The film was one of the first films to link genres such as space opera and soap opera together to invent a new high concept genre for filmmakers to build upon Finally along with Steven Spielberg s Jaws it shifted the film industry s focus away from personal filmmaking of the s and towards fast paced big budget blockbusters for younger audiences After seeing Star Wars director James Cameron quit his job as a truck driver to enter the film industry Other filmmakers who have said to have been influenced by Star Wars include Peter Jackson Dean Devlin Roland Emmerich Christopher Nolan John Lasseter David Fincher Kevin Smith John Singleton and Ridley Scott Scott was influenced by the used future where vehicles and culture are obviously dated and extended the concept for his science fiction horror film Alien and science fiction noir film Blade Runner which also starred Harrison Ford Jackson used the concept for his production of The Lord of the Rings trilogy to add a sense of realism and believability Nolan cited Star Wars as an influence when making the blockbuster Inception Some critics have blamed Star Wars and also Jaws for ruining Hollywood by shifting its focus from sophisticated and relevant films such as The Godfather Taxi Driver and Annie Hall to films about spectacle and juvenile fantasy Peter Biskind complained for the same reason When all was said and done Lucas and Spielberg returned the s audience grown sophisticated on a diet of European and New Hollywood films to the simplicities of the pre s Golden Age of movies They marched backward through the looking glass In an opposing view Tom Shone wrote that through Star Wars and Jaws Lucas and Spielberg didn t betray cinema at all they plugged it back into the grid returning the medium to its roots as a carnival sideshow a magic act one big special effect which was a kind of rebirth Star Wars has been the subject of many parodies including those in Robot Chicken South Park Family Guy in the episode Blue Harvest the short film Hardware Wars and Mel Brooks full length parody Spaceballs In the U S National Film Registry of the Library of Congress selected the film as a culturally historically or aesthetically important film In Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back were voted as the greatest films ever made on Channel s Greatest Films poll In Lucas s original screenplay was selected by the Writers Guild of America as the th greatest of all time AFI s Years Movies AFI s Years Thrills AFI s Years Heroes and Villains Han Solo Hero Obi Wan Kenobi Hero Princess Leia Nominated Hero Luke Skywalker Nominated Hero AFI s Years Movie Quotes May the Force be with you Help me Obi Wan Kenobi You re my only hope Nominated AFI s Years of Film Scores AFI s Years Cheers AFI s Years Movies th Anniversary Edition AFI s Top Sci Fi Film In ABC aired a primetime special Best in Film The Greatest Movies of Our Time that counted down the best movies chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People magazine Star Wars was selected as the Best Sci Fi Film The novelization of the film was published in December six months before the film was released The credited author was George Lucas but the book was revealed to have been ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster who later wrote the first Expanded Universe novel Splinter of the Mind s Eye The book was first published as Star Wars From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker later editions were titled simply Star Wars and later Star Wars A New Hope to reflect the retitling of the film Certain scenes deleted from the film and later restored or archived in DVD bonus features were always present in the novel since it had been based on the screenplay such as Luke at Tosche Station with Biggs and the encounter between Han and Jabba referred to as Jabba the Hut in Docking Bay Other deleted scenes from the movie such as a close up of a stormtrooper riding on a Dewback were included in a photo insert added to later printings of the book Smaller details were also different from the film version for example in the Death Star assault Luke s callsign is Blue Five instead of Red Five as in the film Also Obi Wan does not sacrifice himself Vader actually defeats and executes him in the lightsaber duel Charles Lippincott secured the deal with Del Rey Books to publish the novelization in November By February a half million copies had been sold Lucasfilm adapted the story for a children s book and record set Released in the page Star Wars read along book was accompanied by a rpm inch gramophone record Each page of the book contained a cropped frame from the movie with an abridged and condensed version of the story The record was produced by Buena Vista Records and its content copyrighted by Black Falcon Ltd a subsidiary of Lucasfilm formed to handle the merchandising for Star Wars The Story of Star Wars was a record album presenting an abridged version of the events depicted in Star Wars using dialogue and sound effects from the original film The recording was produced by George Lucas and Alan Livingston and was narrated by Roscoe Lee Browne The script was adapted by E Jack Kaplan and Cheryl Gard citation needed A radio drama adaptation of the film was written by Brian Daley directed by John Madden and produced for and broadcast on the American National Public Radio network in The adaptation received cooperation from George Lucas who donated the rights to NPR John Williams music and Ben Burtt s sound design were retained for the show Mark Hamill Luke Skywalker and Anthony Daniels C PO reprised their roles as well The radio drama featured scenes not seen in the final cut of the film such as Luke Skywalker s observation of the space battle above Tatooine through binoculars a skyhopper race and Darth Vader s interrogation of Princess Leia In terms of Star Wars canon the radio drama is given the highest designation like the screenplay and novelization G canon